Tumor or tumour (via Old French tumour from Latin tumor "swelling") is primarily used to denote abnormal growth of tissue. This growth can be either malignant or benign. It is similar in meaning to a neoplasm.
Tumor types: malignant vs. benign
Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cancer has the potential to invade and destroy neighboring tissues and create metastases. Benign tumors do not invade neighboring tissues and do not seed metastases, but may locally grow to great size. They usually do not return after surgical removal.
An epithelial tumor is considered malignant if it penetrates the basal lamina and is considered benign if it does not. As people get older, they accumulate more mutations in their DNA. This means that the prevalence of tumors increases strongly with increasing age. It is also the case that the older a person with a tumor is, the higher the chances are that the tumor is malignant. For example, if a woman of 20 years old has a tumor in her breast it is very likely that the tumor is benign. However, if a woman of 70 has a tumor in her breast it is almost certain that it is malignant.
Anaplasia is a term that refers to the histologic grade of a tumor. Anaplastic tumors are poorly differentiated, meaning that their cells look primitive and do not resemble normal cells. Having anaplasia in a tumor usually means that the tumor is malignant, although a malignant tumor need not be anaplastic.
Causes:
Tumors are caused by mutations in DNA of cells, which interfere with a cell's ability to regulate and limit cell division. An accumulation of mutations is needed for a tumor to emerge. Mutations that activate oncogenes or repress tumor suppressor genes can eventually lead to tumors. Cells have mechanisms that repair DNA and other mechanisms that cause the cell to destroy itself by apoptosis if DNA damage gets too severe. Mutations that repress the genes for these mechanisms can also eventually lead to cancer. A mutation in one oncogene or one tumor repressor gene is usually not enough for a tumor to occur. A combination of a number of mutations is necessary.
More recently, it has emerged that many human cancers, particularly epithelial cancers, are caused by virus infection. The most common causative viruses are members of the Herpesvirus family, which can cause cancers such as Kaposi Sarcoma and Cervical Cancer. A recent vaccine for the causative agent of many forms of Genital Warts, Human Pappilloma Virus, was publicised as a vaccine against cervical cancer, as it is by far the leading cause of cervical cancer.
DNA microarrays can be used to determine if the expression of oncogenes or tumor repressor genes has been altered. Possibly in the future tumors can be treated better by using DNA microarrays to determine the exact characteristics of the tumor.
